End Notes

[1] William Tecumseh Sherman. “Letter from William Tecumseh Sherman to James M. Calhoun, et al. (1864)”. Personal Letters, Diaries & Papers, September 12, 1864. From Teaching American History. https://teachingamericanhistory.org/document/letter-to-james-m-calhoun-et-al/ 

[2] Cornelius Platter, “Cornelius C. Platter Civil War Diary, 1864-1865,” Digital Library of Georgia, n.d., https://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/zlpd/.

[3] Maggie, “Double-Cross at Ebenezer Creek | History of American Women,” History of American Women, May 24, 2020, https://www.womenhistoryblog.com/2016/11/double-cross-at-ebenezer-creek.html.

[4] Bennett Parten, Somewhere Toward Freedom: Sherman’s March and the Story of America’s Largest Emancipation (Simon and Schuster, 2025).

[5] Greenmellen, “March to the Sea: Ebenezer Creek,” Georgia Historical Society, April 6, 2026, https://www.georgiahistory.com/ghmi_marker_updated/march-to-the-sea-ebenezer-creek/.

[6] “Order by the Commander of the Military Division of the  Mississippi, January 16, 1865,” n.d., https://www.freedmen.umd.edu/sfo15.htm.

[7] Vanessa Vaughn, “Analysis: Special Field Order No. 15: Forty Acres and a Mule | History | Research Starters | EBSCO Research,” EBSCO, 2021, https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/analysis-special-field-order-no-15-forty-acres-and-mule.

[8] Mark Bradley, This Outstanding Close: The Road to Bennet Place (University of North Carolina Press, 2006).

[9] North Carolina Archaeology, Vol. 67, pg 7

[10] Bradley, This Outstanding Close: The Road to Bennet Place.

[11] Platter, “Cornelius C. Platter Civil War Diary, 1864-1865.”

[12] John McGeachy, “In Sherman’s Wake: Refugees of the March Through the Carolinas” (MA Article, North Carolina State University, 2003).

[13] McGeachy, “In Sherman’s Wake: Refugees of the March Through the Carolinas.” pg 7

[14] Bryan, T. Conn. “A GEORGIA WOMAN’S CIVIL WAR DIARY: THE JOURNAL OF MINERVA LEAH ROWLES McCLATCHEY, 1864-65.” The Georgia Historical Quarterly 51, no. 2 (1967): 197–216. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40578681 .

[15] McGeachy, “In Sherman’s Wake: Refugees of the March Through the Carolinas.”, pg 5; Dean Stevens, “The Scandalous Lives of Carolina Belles Marie Boozer and Amelia Feaster,” South Carolina Division - Sons of Confederate Veterans, July 29, 2018, https://scscv.com/the-scandalous-lives/.

[16] McGeachy, “In Sherman’s Wake: Refugees of the March Through the Carolinas.”, pg 5-6

[17] McGeachy, “In Sherman’s Wake: Refugees of the March Through the Carolinas.”,pg 8

[18] The Herald of the Union, Part of The Daily Herald, Wilmington, N.C. April 7, 1865

[19] Adrienne Dunn, “Contraband Camps - North Carolina History,” North Carolina History -, March 7, 2016, https://northcarolinahistory.org/encyclopedia/contraband-camps/.

[20] Lawrence Goodman, “Between Bondage and Freedom: Life in Civil War Refugee Camps,” BrandeisNOW, February 14, 2020, https://www.brandeis.edu/now/2020/february/civil-war-refugee.html.

[21] Chandra Manning, Troubled Refuge: Struggling for Freedom in the Civil War (National Geographic Books, 2017). pg 74-75

[22] Steward Henderson, “The Role of the USCT in the Civil War,” American Battlefield Trust, February 18, 2025, https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/role-usct-civil-war.

[23] Manning, Troubled Refuge: Struggling for Freedom in the Civil War, Pg 69.

[24] Based on a conversation with Jim, Site Manager at Brunswick Town/ Fort Anderson. 

[25] McGeachy, “In Sherman’s Wake: Refugees of the March Through the Carolinas.” 

[26] Wilmington and the lower Caper Fear Area During the Civil War Box 9 1865, Letter from Catherine Douglass de Rosset Meares to Mother, Occupation March 28, 1865

[27] Wade Sokolosky, North Carolina’s Confederate Hospitals, 1864-1865, vol. 2 (Fox Run Publishing, 2025).; David Silkenat, Driven From Home: North Carolina’s Civil War Refugee Crisis (University of Georgia Press, 2016).

[28] McGeachy, “In Sherman’s Wake: Refugees of the March Through the Carolinas.”

[29] McGeachy, “In Sherman’s Wake: Refugees of the March Through the Carolinas.” 

[30] North Carolina Archaeology, Vol. 67. Pg. 26-27.

[31] North Carolina Archaeology, Vol. 67. Pg. 15-17.

[32] Records of the Field Offices for the State of North Carolina, Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, 1865–1872, Offices of Staff Officers, Surgeon, Letters Sent, September 1865–June 1866, and Endorsements Sent and Received, September 1865–October 1866, Volume (18),” National Museum of African American History and Culture(Smithsonian, n.d.), https://nmaahc.si.edu/freedmens-bureau/record/fbs-1662423774659-1662424831641-0. 

[33] The Charleston Daily News, Charleston, South Carolina, Wed, Dec 6, 1865.

[34] “Records of the Field Offices for the State of North Carolina, Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, 1865–1872, Offices of Staff Officers, Surgeon, Letters Sent, September 1865–June 1866, and Endorsements Sent and Received, September 1865–October 1866, Volume (18).”

[35] “Records of the Field Offices for the State of North Carolina, Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, 1865–1872, Offices of Staff Officers, Surgeon, Letters Sent, September 1865–June 1866, and Endorsements Sent and Received, September 1865–October 1866, Volume (18).”

[36] Horace James, W. F. BROWN & CO., and George J. Carney, “Report of the Superintendent of Negro Affairs in North Carolina” (W. F. BROWN & CO., 1864), https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/rbc/rbaapc/21111/21111.pdf.

[37] McGeachy, “In Sherman’s Wake: Refugees of the March Through the Carolinas.” 

[38] McGeachy, “In Sherman’s Wake: Refugees of the March Through the Carolinas.”; Michael Trinkley, Debi Hacker, and Chicora Foundation, Inc., “HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF LILLIPUT PLANTATION, BRUNSWICK COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA,” Chicora Research Contribution 590 (Chicora Foundation, Inc., 2018), https://www.chicora.org/pdfs/RC590%20Lilliput%20Plantation.pdf.

[39] Trinkley, Hacker, and Chicora Foundation, Inc., “HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF LILLIPUT PLANTATION, BRUNSWICK COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA.” Pg 26.

[40] Michael Trinkley, Debi Hacker, and Chicora Foundation, “African American Lives on the Lower Cape Fear During the Early Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries” (Chicora Foundation, November 2015), https://chicora.org/pdfs/RC572%20African%20American%20Lives.pdf.

[41] Wilmington Herald, Wilmington, N.C.  November 18, 1865.

[42] The Daily Journal, Wilmington, N.C., March 9, 1866.

[43] Chris Eugene Fonvielle, Fort Anderson: Battle for Wilmington, 1999. Pg 91.

[44] Trinkley, Hacker, and Chicora Foundation, Inc., “HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF LILLIPUT PLANTATION, BRUNSWICK COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA.” Pg 26.